Meniscs and articular capsule
 the meniscs
Even if articular surfaces usually conform for their entire extent, in some cases a large disproportion can be noted in the extent of the surfaces.
In such situations, the less extended articular surface is completed by fibrocatilaginous devices that virtually increase the concavity.
The fibrocartilaginous formations that complete and match the articulations are called menisci. Articulary menisci fill the empty spaces between the articulations like wedges, permitting gravitational force to be unloaded on a wide surface, reducing articular stress and consequently wear and tear.
A typical example is the knee joint, where the femoral condyles articulate with the tibial plateau. This joint is equipped with menisci which optimize the articular connection between the bones.
The hyaline cartilage covers the articular surface and has a variable thickness, which can exceed one centimeter. The hyaline cartilage can be compressed, and, thanks to its elasticity, can return to its original dimensions. Compressions that are too intense or long-lasting can lead to tears.
the articular capsule
The articular capsule consists of a fibrous membrane wrapped inside the articular heads and inserted in the margins of the encrusted cartilage. The capsule is made up of connective tissue that is dense in woven strips, reinforced by fibrous articular ligaments or fibroelastics. The articular cavity is the space between the articular heads and the fibrous capsule. Inside there is synovial liquid, composed of a liquid dialized by blood plasma, subsequently enriched by secretions from the synovial membrane cells. It is rich in glycoprotein and hyaluronic acid and lubricates and nourishes the cartilage.
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