- abdominal exercises-

This is a greatly effective exercise. Only the shoulders and not the pelvis should be raised from the ground. Hands can be placed on the chest to reduce the effort. Never interrupt muscle contraction.

This is a greatly effective exercise, too. Never raise the pelvis from the ground

Thanks to the machine the effort remains the same during the whole exercise. The seat should be set so that the support bar is the fulcrum of the lever. This exercise stimulates the straight abdominal and the external oblique and the internal oblique abdominal. 

A different version of the crunch. Only the pelvis should be moved raising it of about 10-15 cm from the ground. Breath out while raising the pelvis.

The seating position is useful not to move the pelvis so that the exercise can stimulate mainly the oblique abdominals.